News Blog @ Wellington City Libraries

This month there are two interesting books for te reo students: loan words, and a book of phrases. There’s a very comprehensive, heavy publication of Māori freshwater fisheries, a description of trading cultures of the North, a beautifully illustrated collection of kākahu from Te Papa, and no. 9 in the series of Huia short stories.

He kupu arotau = loanwords in Māori / John C. Moorfield, Tania M. Ka’ai. “This dictionary presents over 3.000 loanwords that are, or have been, in common use in spoken and written Māori… The dictionary includes loanwords for personal names and place names, as well as the usual words … Each headword is presented with its meanings, gramatical category and example sentences from the sources, with translations. An indication of the earliest occurrence of each loanword and the frequency of use in the written sources are provided for most entries”–back cover

The Raupō phrasebook of modern Māori : the user-friendly guide for all New Zealanders / Scotty Morrison. “The phrasebook also covers dialects, grammar and pronunciation ; answers to key questions ; idioms and slang ; proverbs ; and provides information on the ever-changing history of te reo Māori”–back cover”.

Ikawai : freshwater fishes in Māori culture and economy / R.M. McDowall. “This landmark publication draws together all that has ever been written about the role of freshwater fishes in the lives of early Māori… Bob McDowall has made it his life’s work to read every word ever written on the subject of Māori freshwater fisheries, from passing references in explorers’ diaries, to the significant literary achievements of Elsdon Best and Te Rangi Hiroa in the 1920s, to the recent reports of the Waitangi Tribunal”– back cover.

Trading cultures : a history of the Far North / Adrienne Puckey. “This is the story of how and why Māori and Pākehā in one area of Aotearoa New Zealand related, reacted, traded, negotiated and sometimes married, from the times they first met in the 1700s and 1800s until today. It is the socio-economic and political history of Te Hiku o Te Ika-a-Māui that views the economy as a social system, through which people exchange goods and services within communities, and between communities and the wider world”–p.iv.

Whatu kākahu = Māori cloaks / edited by Awhina Tamarapa. “Whatu kākahu : Māori cloaks unlocks the doors of the Te Papa storeroom to reveal the largest collection of kākahu in the world. Informative essays by expert contributors outline the intricate techniques employed in kākahu construction and the tradition and spiritual significance of weaving.”–back cover.

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We now have a result for the Wai 262 (concerning New Zealand law and policy affecting Maori culture and identity) claim filed in October 1991 by Saana Murray (Ngati Kuri), Del Wihongi (Te Rarawa), John Hippolite (Ngati Koata), Tama Poata (Te-Whanau-o-Ruataupare), and Witi McMath (Ngati Wai). All of these claimants have now passed on. Included in our recent picks this month is the Waitangi Tribunal’s report, plus much more. Have a browse!

Ko Aotearoa tēnei : te taumata tuarua : a report into claims concerning New Zealand law and policy affecting Māori culture and identity.
“This three volume report addresses the Wai 262 claim concerning law and policy affecting Māori culture and identity, intellectual property in ‘taonga works’, Māori interests in genetic and biological resources in indigenous flora and fauna, Māori involvement in decision-making on resource management and conservation, Crown support for te reo Māori, Crown control of mātauranga Māori, and rongoa Māori and Māori input into NZ’s positions on international instruments”–back cover.

Colonising myths–Māori realities : he rukuruku whakaaro / Ani Mikaere. “This collection of papers reflect on the impact of Pākehā law and values on Māori legal thought and practice. They discuss issues such as the illogicality of seeking justice for Māori within the confines of the coloniser’s law ; the need for Pākehā to confront the implications of their position as inheritors of the spoils of colonisation ; the myths that have been constructed to obscure the true nature of the Crown-Pākehā relationship as established in 1840 ; the insideous effect of Pākehā thought on Māori conceptions of reality ; and the importance of reinstating tikanga at the heart of Māori thinking”–back cover.

Kura koiwi = Bone treasures / Brian Flintoff.
“Both a personal account of Brian Flintoff’s career as a bone carver, and an important exploration of Maori art and bone carving. Heavily illustrated with exquisite examples of his, and other people’s work, this book explains the mythology and symbolism behind his work … a sister publication to Taonga pūoro : singing treasures…. “–Cover.

Ngā tini whetū : navigating Māori futures / Mason Durie.
“This book describes Māori journeys as voyages towards the future, within a changing seascape and a search for new destinations to reach preferred landings where passages are illuminated ; not necessarily by celestial lights but by pointers that can bring lucidity to murky waters”–adapted from intro. p. 1.
This sequel to “Ngā kāhui pou” contains twenty-five papers from conferences, 2004-2010, under four headings – “indigenous development”, “Māori development”, “Health”, “Paerangi Lectures”.

Kimble Bent, malcontent : the wild adventures of a runaway soldier in old-time New Zealand : a graphic novel / by Chris Grosz.
“A retelling of Cowans book, Kimble Bent: Malcontent vividly portrays Bent’s life as a Pakeha Maori, his assimilation into tribal life, his view of Hauhau war rites. Bent witnessed some of the fiercest battles of the New Zealand wars, including Te Ngutu o te Manu and Tauranga-ika, and was acquainted with such legendary personalities, as Titokowaru and Te Whiti. He was there when von Tempsky was slain.”–adapted from randomhouse.co.nz

Ancient wisdom modern solutions : the inspirational story of one man’s quest to become a modern day warrior / Ngahihi o te ra Bidois.
“The story of Ngahi’s painfully journey records the highs and lows as he joined unemployment ranks to relearn the language he’d once spurned. He describes his reconnection with his Māori heritage and a life-changing decision to receive the gift of ta moko from his ancestors. Along the way, his struggles to reclaim his identity and embrace the rich culture of his people taught him many valuable lessons – which he believes resonate with us all”– based on back cover.

Akoranga, huaranga, me te pakanga : ngā pukapuka hou

Kia tangi te tītī : permission to speak : successful schooling for Māori students in the 21st century : issues, challenges and alternatives / edited by Paul Whitinui.
“This book brings together academic contributions from the fields of mātauranga, mātauranga hinengaro, whakaako hauora, akoranga takakau-ā-ora and others.”–back cover. Contributors include Joanna Kidman, Hana O’Regan, Tom Cavanagh, Anne-Marie Hunt, Angus MacFarlane, Tangiwai Rewi, Lesley Rameka, Wharehuia Hemara, Janie Tito, Paul Whitinui, Hector Kaiwai, Christine Rubie-Davies, Helen Timperley, Judy Parr, Gary Raumati-Hook, Lynne Parehaereone Raumati, Tania Ka’ai, Melinda Webber.

Small holes in the silence : collected works / Hone Tuwhare.
“Hone Tuwhare died in 2008, having published 10 different new collections and becoming one of this country’s best-loved poets. But his books have mostly gone out of print”–annotation.
“This volume showcases the finest examples of Hone’s poetry, from his early triumph in No ordinary Sun right up to his final works, published when he was in his eighties. Also included are a handful of previously unpublished poems as well as a number translated into Māori by Patu Hohepa, Selwyn Muru and Waihoroi Shortland”–back cover.

Guns and utu : a short history of the musket wars. by Matthew Wright. Penguin, 2011.
” In the two decades before the Treaty of Waitangi, New Zealand underwent island-spanning waves of warfare, extreme violence and cannibalism… These dramatic conflicts were not simply ‘musket’wars. They were part of a wide-ranging response by Māori to the first culture-contact in their history – exposing all the realities of the human condition. This was an age of courage, heroism, great character and astonishing deeds”.–back cover

Tōku reo, tōku ohooho : ka whawhai tonu mātou = My language, my inspiration : the struggle continues / Chris Winitana.
“E āta raupapatia atu ana e Tōku reo, Tōku ohooho, ngā hinonga whakahirahira a te iwi Māori ki te tō mai i tōna reo mai i te pō kerekere ki te ao mārama. Mai i te petihana mō te reo i te tau 1972 ki 2008, he whakaatu i te whakatieke a te iwi Māori ki te pupuri i tōna reo, ā, he kōrero tahi hoki ki te kōiti a rangapū i te hāputa o te riri nā rātau te reo i whakaora.”–i muri i te pukapuka.

My language, my inspiration : the struggle continues = Tōku reo, tōku ohooho: ka whawhai tonu mātou / Chris Winitana.
“My language, my inspiration – details the concerted efforts of Māori to ensure the survival of the Māori language and bring it out of the shadows and into the world of light. From the petition for the Māori language in 1972 up to 2008, it describes the events that led to the revitalisation of the Māori language and interviews the people who were central to the revival.”–back cover.

A simple nullity? : the Wi Parata case in New Zealand law and history / David V. Williams.
The New Zealand Supreme Court in ruling on Wi Parata v the Bishop of Wellington in 1877, concerning land use and ownership at Whitireia, dismissed the relevance of the Treaty of Waitangi as a simple nullity. This case has been seen as symbolic of the neglect of Maori rights by settlers, the government, and New Zealand law. Williams takes a fresh look at the case,with new insights into both Maori-Pakeha relations in the 19th century and the legal position of the treaty.– summary of comment on back cover.

To the gateways of Florence : New Zealand forces in Tuscany, 1944 / edited by Stefano Fusi ; [translation, Jill Gabriel].
Contents include: The price of citizenship: Maori involvement in the Italian Campaign / Monty Soutar.
“From 21 July to 4 August 1944, the Chianti area of Tuscany was the scene of bloody fighting as Allied forces waged a bitter battle to wrest Florence from German hands… But research by [the] then mayor of Tavarnelle, Stefano Fusi, and his wife Jill Gabriel, herself a New Zealander, confirmed that it had been soldiers of the 25th Maori Battalion who had led the offensive through much of Chianti…” Book flap.

Sites : a journal of social anthropology & cultural studies ; vol 8, no. 1 (2011)
Special issue: Organ and Xeno transplantation edited by Rhonda Shaw.
Includes: p. 40. Whanau, whakapapa and identity in experiencesof organ donation and transplantation by Robert Webb & Rhonda Shaw.
“This article is based upon qualitative interviews with Maori and their whanau, and explores research into the direct experiences and perspectives of Maori on organ or tissue donation and transplantation. ” — Abstract p. 40.

Here’s a very mixed list of new books with interesting chapters for Māori readers

New Zealanders and the sea.
“For many New Zealanders the ’sea’ can be summed up in the words ’sun, sand and surf’. As an island nation most of us live or holiday near the sea and many of our memories and experiences are built around playing in, around and on the water. However, the seas have played a more significant role in the lives of New Zealanders – bringing us to this land, feeding us, transporting us before roads were built. Today we are exploring the oceans with new technology, finding out how they work, how they affect climate and how they can feed us in the future.” (Syndetics)

Whaikōrero : the world of Māori oratory / Poia Rewi.
“Based on in-depth research and interviews with 30 tribal elders, this guidebook to whaikorero—or New Zealand’s traditional Maori oratory—is the first introduction to this fundamental art form. Assessing whaikorero’s origin, history, structure, language, and style of delivery, this volume features a range of speech samples in Maori with English translations and captures the wisdom and experience of the Maori tribal groups, including Ngai Tuhoe, Ngati Awa, Te Arawa, and Waikato-Maniapoto. Informative and noteworthy, this bilingual examination will interest both modern practitioners of whaikorero and Maori culture aficionados.” (Syndetics)

Maori in the great war / James Cowan.
“Maori form a significant proportion of the modern New Zealand Army, and Maori officers have achieved the very highest commands, Their unique culture is deeply embedded in its tradition and daily routines; celebrated by Maori (indigenous) and pakeha (non-indigenous) soldiers alike. The exploits of the 28th (Maori) Battalion in WWll – peerless in attack – are well-remembered. Not so well known is the major Maori contribution to the Allied cause in the Great War. Maori were quick to respond in 1914. Over five times as many as the specified contingent of 500 men volunteered, and that number of places was allocated on a tribal basis. As the centennial of the start of WWl approaches, it is timely to revise and republish Cowans 1926 work.”–Publisher’s description.

Fiona Pardington : the pressure of sunlight falling / edited by Kriselle Baker and Elizabeth Rankin.
“Fiona Pardington’s latest work is a series of large-scale portraits of life-casts made of Maori and Pacific peoples during Dumont d’Urville’s voyage to the Pacific in 1837-1840. Life-casts were a pre-photographic form of recording a person’s image and were often collected for ethnographic studies, phrenology and as curiosities. As works of art in a contemporary context they are poignant reminders of the humanity embodied within the casts and the photographic image. This exhibition explores the meaning of the casts, their individual history and their function in relation to portraiture and photography.” (Syndetics)

Moon, tides & shoreline : Gillian Karawe Whitehead, a life in music / Noel Sanders.
“One of Aotearoa New Zealand’s most distinguished classical composers, Gillian Whitehead has produced a substantial and lasting body of work that includes operas, orchestral and choral pieces, vocal and instrumental chamber compositions and solo works. They are often in collaboration with poets and other artists, and many incorporate traditional Ma-ori musical instruments and themes.” (Syndetics)

We have a great list of new books in our History Recent Picks this month. Enjoy!

Titirangi : fringe of heaven / Marc Bonny ; edited by Bruce and Trixie Harvey.
“TITIRANGI, probably Auckland’s most beautiful suburb and on the edge of the dramatic Waitakere Ranges, is truly the ‘fringe of heaven’. The name incorporates the Maori word for sky and alludes to the go Rangi. It was here about 1750, on Titirangi’s southern and western flanks, that the heroic struggle occured that saw Ngati Whatua wrest control Tamaki Makau-rau (Auckland) from the incumbent Waiohua.
Titirangi: Fringe of Heaven tells of the Maori settlements, the European arrivals and forest clearing, first at Litlle Muddy Creek, and the formation of small farmlets accessed by boat from Onehunga.”  (Book Jacket)

Treasures from the attic : the extraordinary story of Anne Frank’s family / Mirjam Pressler with Gerti Elias ; translated from the German by Damion Searls.
“Anne Frank wrote a diary from the age of 13 as she hid for over two years in the back of an Amsterdam warehouse escaping the horrors of Nazi occupation. An intimate record of tension and struggle, adolescence and confinement, anger and heartbreak, it is among the most enduring documents of the twentieth century, famed throughout the world. Since first publication in 1947, the diary has been read by tens of millions of people in many different translations. A bestseller in its 1952 and 1997 (definitive) editions it remains a beloved and deeply admired testament to the indestructible nature of the human spirit. Recently discovered letters, documents and photographs of Anne and her family including letters from her, her father’s letters from Auschwitz and his poignant descriptions of searching for his family after the war and his discovery of the dairies, have been made into a family saga by Mirjam Pressler, the editor of the definitive edition of the Diary.” (Global Books In Print)

Cradle of gold : the story of Hiram Bingham, a real-life Indiana Jones, and the search for Machu Picchu / Christopher Heaney.
“In this grand, sweeping narrative, Heaney takes the reader into the heart of Peru’s past to relive the dramatic story of the final years of the Incan empire, the exhilarating recovery of its final cities, and the thought-provoking fight over its future.” (Syndetics summary)

Dividing the spoils : the war for Alexander the Great’s empire / Robin Waterfield.
“On his deathbed, surrounded by his generals, Alexander supposedly willed his empire to the strongest of them. His demise launched a period of internecine warfare among his diadokhoi (successors) that lasted four decades and reshaped the political landscape and subsequent history of Europe and the Near East. Classical scholar and translator Waterfield brings that violent, chaotic, and confusing epoch to life in a clear, concise, and well-researched survey dominated by the figures of Antigonus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy, former generals of Alexander who are compelling, even admirable characters. Their efforts to seize as large a chunk of territory as possible for themselves and their families eventually resulted in the three smaller but still powerful successor states that ruled the area until their absorption by the Roman Empire.–Freeman, Jay Copyright 2010 BooklistFrom Booklist, Copyright (c) American Library Association. Used with permission.” (Booklist)

Irresistible North : from Venice to Greenland on the trail of the Zen brothers / Andrea di Robilant.
“In this engaging book about a historian in pursuit of a riddle, di Robilant (Lucia: A Venetian Life in the Age of Napoleon) relates not just what he found but how he found it and both what he knew and didn’t know by the end of the quest. It’s the best kind of history: scrupulously honest, with attention to detail, and never exaggerated. The puzzle is a centuries-old map, supposedly drawn by the Zen brothers-merchants, sailors and explorers in late 14th-century Venice -David Keymer, Modesto, CA (c) Copyright 2011. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.(c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.” (Library Journal)

There are many ways to celebrate Maori Language Week, here are eight you can do via your library:

1. Take your preschool children to Kōhunga Kōrero at Newtown Library on Wednesday
2. Watch the online storytimes te Huihui o Matariki / the Seven Stars of Matariki
3. See land deeds for Wellington written in both te Reo and English
4. Start or improve your study of te Reo Māori
5. Learn about  Ngā Tupuna of te Whanganui-a-Tara
6. See our library information boards in both te reo Māori and English
7. Explore Te Ao Maori in our Kids Catalogue
8. Check out the Raraunga Kōrero (Māori databases) and search for waiata and people & places

Interested in researching your family history?
From time to time we’ll be posting genealogy facts and advice here on the News Blog.
For other blog entries on genealogy, click on the tag “genealogy” at the bottom of this post.

Australians and New Zealanders know ANZAC day – 25^th April – as a national day of remembrance to honour members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who fought at Gallipoli in Turkey during World War I.

Did you have a relative who took part in WW1? Would you like to read their Military Personnel Record?

Military records can provide amazing details for genealogists, especially ages and places of birth, while they can also expand family histories with information about campaigns, conduct and even physical descriptions of ancestors.

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Whaikōrero : the world of Māori oratory. , by Poia Rewi. (2010)
Anyone welcomed onto a marae will understand that whaikōrero – oratory – is at the heart of Māori culture. Based on broad research and oral information from leading exponents of whaikōrero, Poia Rewi explains whaikōrero’s origin and history, structure, language and style of delivery, who may speak and where speech happens. The book represents kuia and koroua from Tūhoe, Ngāti Kahungunu, Te Arawa, Ngāti Porou, Ngāti Awa, Waikato-Maniapoto, Te Whakatōhea, Ngāpuhi and Ngāti Whare. Whaikōrero provides quality examples for learners wishing to improve their whaikōrero skills and offers fascinating insights to general readers. (drawn from the publisher’s description)

Māori and Parliament : diverse strategies and compromises, edited by Maria Bargh. (2010)
New Zealand is the only country in the world where the Indigenous people have particular electorates that represent them and where they can choose to be on a general or Māori electoral roll. Throughout history, Māori parliamentarians have looked to foster unity across party lines while still supporting different political loyalties.
Politicians, former parliamentarians, academics and political commentators discuss behind-the-scene deals, pragmatic acts with far-reaching consequences and blunt trade-offs. Their insider stories, frank admissions and humorous anecdotes provide new perspectives on New Zealand’s political arrangements. (drawn from the publisher’s description)

Ka mate ka ora! : the spirit of Te Rauparaha, by Hēni Collins. (2010)
“Describes Te Rauparaha’s life from the time his birth was foretold, through inter-tribal conflict, migration, settlement in the south (Kapiti Island), and into the period of colonization…
Reappraising original material, including sources in te reo, Hēni Collins enlivens events and adds cultural under­standing and authenticity to a dramatic story of Aotearoa New Zealand.
Ka Mate, Ka Ora! The Spirit of Te Rauparaha includes comments by kaumātua Te Puoho Kātene and other tribal members, and an epilogue by former Māori All Black Norm Hewitt. New maps show the location of significant sites, and an appendix details their history and what can be seen there today. (Drawn from the publisher’s description)

The Treaty of Waitangi companion : Māori and Pākehā – from Tasman to today / edited by Vincent O’Malley, Bruce Stirling and Wally Penetito. (2010)
“The signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 has profoundly shaped relations between Māori and Pākehā in New Zealand from the New Zealand Wars to the 1975 Land March, from Kīngitanga to the Waitangi Tribunal, from Te Whiti to Don Brash. Sourced from government publications and newspapers, letters and diaries, poems, songs and cartoons, this book introduces the many voices of that relationship over the past 200 years. The Treaty of Waitangi Companion is an important book for students and general readers alike. (Drawn from the publisher’s description)

Pounamu : the jade of New Zealand , by Russell Beck with Maika Mason ; photography by Andris Apse. (2010)
Through the eyes of pounamu specialists Russell Beck and Maika Mason, we explore jade’s powerful connection with the natural environment, its Māori myths and history, jewellery and taonga, geology and technical characteristics, places where pounamu is found, methods of working, cultural issues regarding the ownership and management of jade as a resource, contemporary carving, and its significance in the international arena.
The text is enhanced by the exquisite, timeless landscape photography of Andris Apse, which sets pounamu firmly in the South Island mountain environment from which it emerges in its natural state… (drawn from the publisher’s description)

The East Coast settlement report, WAI 2109, Waitangi Tribunal. (2010)
The East Coast Settlement Report is the outcome of an urgent Waitangi Tribunal hearing held in Wellington between 14 and 16 December 2009 into the Crown’s recognition of Te Runanga o Ngati Porou’s (TRONP) mandate to negotiate and settle all historical Ngati Porou Treaty of Waitangi claims. The Tribunal panel comprised Judge Craig Coxhead (presiding), the Honourable Sir Douglas Kidd, Kihi Ngatai, Tania Simpson, and Basil Morrison.

AME year 11 Te Reo Māori workbook : NCEA level 1, by Wiremu Doherty. (2010)
A write-in workbook covering all Achievement Standards for NCEA level 1 Te Reo Māori.

The Wairarapa ki Tararua report, Waitangi Tribunal. (2010)
v. 1. The people and the land — v. 2. The struggle for control — v. 3. Powerlessness and displacement.

Māori art market 2009, by Toi Mā Aotearoa. (2009)
Māori Art Market 2009 will be the biggest single collection of contemporary Maori art ever assembled at one time … October 9, 10, 11 at the Te Rauparaha Arena and Pataka Museum of Arts and Cultures in Porirua City.

Autumn waiata, by Jeffrey Paparoa Holman. (2010)
Some of these poems have appeared in Kritya … others in the New Zealand listener.

Te hikuwai : launch yourself into te reo Māori : a complete foundation course for Aotearoa’s own language, by Ian Cormack. (2010)

Wiremu Pere : the life and times of a Maori leader, 1873-1915, by Joseph Anaru Te Kani Pere and others. (2010)

The passing world, the passage of life : John Hovell and the art of kōwhaiwhai, by Damian Skinner. (2010)

New Zealand racism in the making : the life & times of Walter Mantell, by Harry C. Evison. (2010)

Papers to conference. Volume two, A collection of new papers, by Peter Cleave. (2010)
Kōwhiti Matariki Festival of Māori Contemporary Dance (2010 : Wellington, N.Z.).
Contents : Said, heard, written, read — Starting points? A discussion of contemporary Māori society and culture — Review of Peter Jackson. A film-maker’s journey by Brian Sibley — Matariki 2010 — Review, Lisa Tomlins and Twinset, Downstage Sun 26th September 2010 — Restorative justice and the foreshore and seabed — Te takarepa o te wao.

Journal articles

Newman, Keith. Buildings at work : the founding of a faith : the buildings at Ratana Pa tell a story of cosmic proportions and are the legacy of a prophet, faith healer and visionary / words by Keith Newman ; photography by Grant Sheehan, in, New Zealand heritage ; Summer 2010. pp. 34-39.

Making a success of it’ : Robert Jenkins (1786?-1859), by Hilda McDonnell, in, Heritage link ; issue no. 90 (February 2011)

Kiwi lessons from iwi governance, by Whare Akuhata, in, New Zealand management ; vol. 58, no. 1 (February 2011) pp. 22-24

Lessons from the whale watchers, by Katherine Ryan, in, New Zealand management ; vol. 58, no. 1 (February 2011) pp. 26-29.

Interested in our previous picks? Previous Recent Pick edition

Interested in researching your family history?
From time to time we’ll be posting genealogy facts and advice here on the News Blog.  Our first entry is on Birth, Death and Marriage records (BDM), which are a good starting place when researching your family history.  Official registrations in NZ didn’t start until 1848 but there are some earlier records taken from church and place registers dating back to 1840.

Historic BDM Online
New Zealand historic BDMs are now accessible online through the Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) website: www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz, and the great thing about this site is that it is updated daily.

What is a historic BDM and what information is actually available online?
A BDM qualifies as being historic if it was a

• birth that occurred at least 100 years ago, or a still birth that occurred at least 50 years ago
• marriage (and eventually Civil Unions) that occurred at least 80 years ago
• death that occurred at least 50 years ago or the deceased’s date of birth was at least 80 years ago.

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